Image registration is one of the most challenging problems in image processing, where ill-posedness arises due to noisy data as well as non-uniqueness and hence the choice of regularization is crucial. 
This paper presents hyperelasticity as a regularizer and introduces a new and stable numerical implementation. On one hand, hyperelastic registration is an appropriate
model for large and highly nonlinear deformations, for which a linear elastic model needs to fail. On the other
hand, the hyperelastic regularizer yields very regular and diffeomorphic transformations. While hyperelasticity
might be considered as just an additional outstanding regularization option for some applications, it becomes
inevitable for applications involving higher order distance measures like mass-preserving registration.

The paper gives a short introduction to image registration and hyperelasticity. The hyperelastic image
registration problem is phrased in a variational setting and an existence proof is provided. The
focus of the paper, however, is on a robust numerical scheme. A key challenge is an unbiased discretization of
hyperelasticity, which enables the numerical monitoring of variations of length, surface and volume of
infinitesimal reference elements. We resolve this issue by using a nodal based discretization with a special
tetrahedral partitioning.

The potential of the hyperelastic registration is demonstrated in a direct comparison with a linear elastic
registration on an academical example. The paper also presents a real life application from 3D Positron
Emission Tomography (PET) of the human heart which requires mass-preservation and thus hyperelastic registration
is the only option.